Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited

Name: Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited financial statements and ratios
Creator: Annalist

TSM · NYSE · Technology, semiconductors · Taiwan · IFRS · Fiscal year ends December

Latest report: FY2025, the fiscal year ended 31 December 2025, released 16 April 2026. Snapshot FY2025_39e6450c.

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Overview

Revenue, fiscal year

+31.6% year on year

Operating profit, fiscal year

+46.4% year on year

Net income, fiscal year

+46.5% year on year

Diluted EPS, fiscal year

+46.6% year on year

Operating margin, fiscal year

+5.2pp year on year

Return on equity, fiscal year

+5.2pp year on year

Select a figure to see the document it came from.

Key Findings

Findings for the latest fiscal year, with their history over earlier years.

Revenue for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2025 was NT$3.81 trillion, 31.6% higher than in the previous fiscal year.
Weakenedin FY2025 · stated since FY202431.6% from 33.9% in FY2024
Rule: Revenue against the previous fiscal year · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 4 records
1. FY2025 WeakenedRevenue for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2025 was NT$3.81 trillion, 31.6% higher than in the previous fiscal year.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 NewRevenue for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2024 was NT$2.89 trillion, 33.9% higher than in the previous fiscal year.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2024 RetiredThe finding changed to higher than a year earlier.Reconstructed · data update
4. FY2023 NewRevenue for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2023 was NT$2.16 trillion, 4.5% lower than in the previous fiscal year.Reconstructed · initial
Net income attributable to the company for fiscal 2025 was NT$1.70 trillion, 46.5% higher than in the previous fiscal year.
Strengthenedin FY2025 · stated since FY202446.5% from 36.0% in FY2024
Rule: Net income against the previous fiscal year · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 4 records
1. FY2025 StrengthenedNet income attributable to the company for fiscal 2025 was NT$1.70 trillion, 46.5% higher than in the previous fiscal year.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 NewNet income attributable to the company for fiscal 2024 was NT$1.16 trillion, 36.0% higher than in the previous fiscal year.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2024 RetiredThe finding changed to higher than a year earlier.Reconstructed · data update
4. FY2023 NewNet income attributable to the company for fiscal 2023 was NT$851.7 billion, 14.2% lower than in the previous fiscal year.Reconstructed · initial
The operating margin for fiscal 2025 was 50.8%, 5.2 percentage points higher than a year earlier.
Strengthenedin FY2025 · stated since FY2024
Rule: Operating margin against a year earlier · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 4 records
1. FY2025 StrengthenedThe operating margin for fiscal 2025 was 50.8%, 5.2 percentage points higher than a year earlier.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 NewThe operating margin for fiscal 2024 was 45.7%, 3.1 percentage points higher than a year earlier.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2024 RetiredThe finding changed to higher than a year earlier.Reconstructed · data update
4. FY2023 NewThe operating margin for fiscal 2023 was 42.6%, 6.9 percentage points lower than a year earlier.Reconstructed · initial
Return on equity for fiscal 2025 was 35.4%, against 30.2% a year earlier.
Strengthenedin FY2025 · stated since FY2024
Rule: Return on equity against a year earlier · Sources 20-F 2025-12, 20-F 2024-12
History of this finding, 4 records
1. FY2025 StrengthenedReturn on equity for fiscal 2025 was 35.4%, against 30.2% a year earlier.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 NewReturn on equity for fiscal 2024 was 30.2%, against 26.9% a year earlier.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2024 RetiredThe finding changed to higher than a year earlier.Reconstructed · data update
4. FY2023 NewReturn on equity for fiscal 2023 was 26.9%, against 39.3% a year earlier.Reconstructed · initial
Free cash flow for fiscal 2025 was NT$1.00 trillion, and operating cash flow was 1.3 times net income attributable to the company.
Interpretation. Operating cash flow paid for all capital expenditure, and the rest is free for dividends, share buybacks or debt repayment.
Strengthenedin FY2025 · stated since FY2023
Rule: Free cash flow · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 3 records
1. FY2025 StrengthenedFree cash flow for fiscal 2025 was NT$1.00 trillion, and operating cash flow was 1.3 times net income attributable to the company.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 StrengthenedFree cash flow for fiscal 2024 was NT$870.2 billion, and operating cash flow was 1.6 times net income attributable to the company.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2023 NewFree cash flow for fiscal 2023 was NT$292.2 billion, and operating cash flow was 1.5 times net income attributable to the company.Reconstructed · initial
Cash and short-term investments exceeded total debt by NT$2.69 trillion at 31 December 2025.
Strengthenedin FY2025 · stated since FY2023
Rule: Net debt or net cash · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 3 records
1. FY2025 StrengthenedCash and short-term investments exceeded total debt by NT$2.69 trillion at 31 December 2025.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 StrengthenedCash and short-term investments exceeded total debt by NT$2.06 trillion at 31 December 2024.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2023 NewCash and short-term investments exceeded total debt by NT$1.43 trillion at 31 December 2023.Reconstructed · initial

Records before FY2025 are reconstructed from the latest snapshot. Ledger: findings.json.

Credit, liquidity, earnings quality and score findings: Analysis.

Data

Source documents5 documents, latest 20-F for the year to 31 December 2025List

DownloadsExcel workbook · JSON · Brief for AI

SnapshotFY2025_39e6450c

Corporate Events

Corporate events are listed for companies whose figures come from 10-K and 10-Q filings; none are listed for this company.

Earnings, Returns and Balance Sheet

Revenue

By fiscal year, New Taiwan dollars

Operating Profit

By fiscal year, New Taiwan dollars

Profit Attributable to Owners of the Parent

By fiscal year, New Taiwan dollars

Margins

By fiscal year, per cent

Returns

By fiscal year, per cent

Free Cash Flow

Operating cash flow less capital expenditure, by fiscal year, New Taiwan dollars

Net Debt

Total debt less cash and short-term investments, at fiscal year end, New Taiwan dollars

Diluted Earnings per Share

By fiscal year, as reported

Financial Statements

Figures as filed. Select a figure for its source document and method; a small d marks a figure derived from other figures of the same report.

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Ratios

Select a ratio for its formula and the figures it uses, each with its document; (i) gives its definition.

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Analysis

Credit update

FY2025

20-F for the year to 31 December 2025, filed 16 April 2026. Changes are against the previous report, and each figure shows its period.

0changes0thresholds crossed

Changes in This Report 0

No finding changed its state in the latest report.

Thresholds Crossed 0

No published finding crosses a threshold.

Fiscal years, with balances at each fiscal year end. Select a value for its formula and the figures it uses.

Credit MetricsDebt to EBITDA 0.03x, FFO to debt 3,107% · FY2025

Lease-adjusted debt, EBITDA and cash flow on the definitions of S&P and Moody's, as far as the filings allow.

Lease-adjusted debt was 0.0 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2025, and funds from operations equalled 3,107.5% of that debt. Both ratios are within the minimal band of the S&P standard volatility table.
Interpretation. Debt to EBITDA shows how many years of EBITDA the debt equals, and FFO to debt the share of the debt that 1 year of cash flow after interest and taxes would repay. The S&P table sorts both into 6 bands; the minimal band is number 1 of 6, and a higher number means more debt against earnings.
Confirmedin FY2025 · stated since FY20230.03x from 0.03x in FY2024
Rule: Debt against the S&P benchmark bands · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 3 records
1. FY2025 ConfirmedLease-adjusted debt was 0.0 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2025, and funds from operations equalled 3,107.5% of that debt. Both ratios are within the minimal band of the S&P standard volatility table.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 ConfirmedLease-adjusted debt was 0.0 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2024, and funds from operations equalled 2,803.3% of that debt. Both ratios are within the minimal band of the S&P standard volatility table.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2023 NewLease-adjusted debt was 0.0 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2023, and funds from operations equalled 3,559.3% of that debt. Both ratios are within the minimal band of the S&P standard volatility table.Reconstructed · initial

Position in the S&P Standard Volatility Table, Fiscal 2025

S&P sorts companies into 6 bands by debt against earnings and cash flow, from the least debt to the most.

Debt equals 0.0 years of adjusted EBITDA; a year of funds from operations equals 3,107.5% of it.

Band	Minimal	Modest	Intermediate	Significant	Aggressive	Highly leveraged
Debt to EBITDA	0.03xbelow 1.5x	1.5x to 2x	2x to 3x	3x to 4x	4x to 5x	5x and above
FFO to debt	3,107%60% and above	45% to 60%	30% to 45%	20% to 30%	12% to 20%	below 12%

By Fiscal Year

Ratio	FY202131 Dec 2021	FY202231 Dec 2022	FY202331 Dec 2023	FY202431 Dec 2024	FY202531 Dec 2025
Lease-adjusted debtBorrowings plus the obligations of long-term leases, such as rents of stores, offices and warehouses, which credit analysts count as debt.Total debt: borrowings + lease liabilities, or the lines that present them together; IFRS 16 puts every lease on the balance sheet
Adjusted EBITDAOperating profit before depreciation, amortisation, the impairment reported with them and pay in shares: the earnings that credit analysts set against debt.EBIT + depreciation and amortisation, with the impairment that the company reports together with them, + share-based payments; depreciation includes that of right-of-use assets, so no lease cost is added
Funds from operationsAdjusted EBITDA less interest and tax paid in cash: the cash the business produces each year for investment, dividends and debt repayment.Adjusted EBITDA - cash interest - cash taxes; cash interest includes the interest on lease liabilities
Debt to EBITDALease-adjusted debt measured in years of adjusted EBITDA. A figure of 3 means debt equals 3 years of those earnings; a lower figure means less debt against earnings.Lease-adjusted debt / adjusted EBITDA	minimal	minimal	minimal	minimal	minimal
FFO to debtFunds from operations as a share of lease-adjusted debt. A figure of 25% means a year of those funds equals a quarter of the debt; a higher figure means less debt.Funds from operations / lease-adjusted debt	minimal	minimal	minimal	minimal	minimal
Net debt to adjusted EBITDADebt to EBITDA after cash and short-term investments are set against the debt.(Lease-adjusted debt - cash - short-term investments) / adjusted EBITDA
Operating cash flow to debtOperating cash flow after interest paid, as a share of debt with lease liabilities. A higher share means the debt could be repaid sooner from operating cash.Operating cash flow after interest paid / lease-adjusted debt; interest paid that the company classifies as financing activities is deducted
Free operating cash flow to debtOperating cash flow less capital spending, as a share of lease-adjusted debt: the cash left for the debt after the company maintains and expands its assets.(Operating cash flow after interest paid - capital expenditure) / lease-adjusted debt
Discretionary cash flow to debtCash left after capital spending, dividends and share repurchases, as a share of lease-adjusted debt. A negative figure means the company paid out more than it generated.(Operating cash flow after interest paid - capital expenditure - dividends - purchases of own shares) / lease-adjusted debt
FFO cash interest coverThe number of times cash earnings cover cash interest, lease interest included.(FFO + cash interest) / cash interest; cash interest includes the interest on lease liabilities
EBITDA interest coverThe number of times adjusted EBITDA covers interest, lease interest included.Adjusted EBITDA / finance costs, which include the interest on lease liabilities
EBITA interest coverOperating profit before the amortisation of acquired intangible assets and goodwill impairment, divided by interest expense.(EBIT + amortisation of intangible assets + goodwill impairment) / finance costs; empty where amortisation is not reported
Liquid assets to debtCash and short-term investments as a share of lease-adjusted debt: the part of the debt that cash on hand could repay at once.(Cash + short-term investments) / lease-adjusted debt

Reconciliation of the Credit Figures

Item	FY202131 Dec 2021	FY202231 Dec 2022	FY202331 Dec 2023	FY202431 Dec 2024	FY202531 Dec 2025
Borrowings	NT$118bn	NT$4.8bn	NT$4.4bn	NT$31.8bn	NT$39.8bn
Lease liabilities	NT$22.9bn	NT$32.4bn	NT$31.5bn	NT$31.8bn	NT$35.4bn
Borrowings and lease liabilities presented as one line	NT$0	NT$0	NT$0	NT$0	NT$0
Lease-adjusted debt	NT$141bn	NT$37.1bn	NT$35.9bn	NT$63.6bn	NT$75.3bn
EBIT	NT$650bn	NT$1.12tn	NT$921bn	NT$1.32tn	NT$1.94tn
Depreciation and amortisation, with the impairment reported with them	NT$422bn	NT$437bn	NT$532bn	NT$663bn	NT$688bn
Share-based payments	NT$7.8m	NT$302m	NT$483m	NT$1.2bn	NT$1.2bn
Adjusted EBITDA	NT$1.07tn	NT$1.56tn	NT$1.45tn	NT$1.99tn	NT$2.63tn
Cash interest	−NT$3.8bn	−NT$12.2bn	−NT$17.4bn	−NT$18.8bn	−NT$19.1bn
Cash taxes	−NT$83.5bn	−NT$86.6bn	−NT$160bn	−NT$184bn	−NT$268bn
Funds from operations	NT$985bn	NT$1.46tn	NT$1.28tn	NT$1.78tn	NT$2.34tn

Method

Total debt is borrowings and lease liabilities, current and non-current, before the deduction of cash. Under IFRS 16 every lease is on the balance sheet, depreciation includes that of right-of-use assets and finance costs include the interest on lease liabilities, so no lease cost or lease interest is added.
Adjusted EBITDA adds share-based payments, and the impairment that the company reports with depreciation and amortisation, to EBIT and depreciation and amortisation. FFO deducts cash interest and cash taxes.
S&P applies its table to its own adjusted figures, which also deduct surplus cash and adjust for pensions and other items, so the band of an S&P calculation can differ.

Liquidity and MaturitiesLiquidity cover 2.89x, Debt due within 12 months NT$3.8bn · FY2025

Cash and operating cash flow against debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.

Cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow for fiscal 2025 equalled 2.9 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.
Interpretation. Cash on hand and 1 year of operating cash flow pay for the debt due in the next 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends, without new borrowing. Undrawn credit lines are not counted.
Confirmedin FY2025 · stated since FY20232.89x from 2.99x in FY2024
Rule: Liquidity cover · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 3 records
1. FY2025 ConfirmedCash, short-term investments and operating cash flow for fiscal 2025 equalled 2.9 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 StrengthenedCash, short-term investments and operating cash flow for fiscal 2024 equalled 3.0 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2023 NewCash, short-term investments and operating cash flow for fiscal 2023 equalled 2.2 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.Reconstructed · initial

Sources and Uses, Fiscal 2025

Sources	Amount
Cash and short-term investments	NT$2.77tn
Operating cash flow	NT$2.27tn
Sources	NT$5.04tn

Uses	Amount
Debt due within 12 months	NT$3.8bn
Capital expenditure	NT$1.27tn
Dividends paid	NT$467bn
Uses	NT$1.74tn

Liquidity cover 2.89x

By Fiscal Year

Ratio	FY202131 Dec 2021	FY202231 Dec 2022	FY202331 Dec 2023	FY202431 Dec 2024	FY202531 Dec 2025
Liquidity coverCash on hand plus a year of operating cash flow, against the cash needed in the next 12 months for maturing debt, capital spending and dividends. Above 1, these sources cover the uses without new borrowing.(Cash + short-term investments + operating cash flow) / (debt due within 12 months + capital expenditure + dividends); the flows of the fiscal year or of the last 4 quarters are taken as those of the next 12 months, and undrawn facilities are not included
Debt due within 12 monthsBorrowings and lease liabilities due within the next 12 months, which the company must repay or refinance.Current borrowings + current lease liabilities, or the current line that presents them together

Method

Debt due within 12 months is current borrowings and current lease liabilities.
Capital expenditure and dividends of the fiscal year are taken as those of the next 12 months. Undrawn credit facilities are not included.

Earnings QualityCash-flow accruals −7.9%, Operating cash flow to EBITDA 0.87x · FY2025

Accruals and the cash backing of reported earnings.

Operating cash flow for fiscal 2025 exceeded net income attributable to the company by an amount equal to 7.9% of average total assets.
Interpretation. The profit came in as cash: operating cash flow was larger than net income. Profit backed by cash tends to repeat more than profit made of accounting entries (Sloan, 1996).
Weakenedin FY2025 · stated since FY2023−7.9% from −10.9% in FY2024
Rule: Cash backing of earnings · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 3 records
1. FY2025 WeakenedOperating cash flow for fiscal 2025 exceeded net income attributable to the company by an amount equal to 7.9% of average total assets.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 StrengthenedOperating cash flow for fiscal 2024 exceeded net income attributable to the company by an amount equal to 10.9% of average total assets.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2023 NewOperating cash flow for fiscal 2023 exceeded net income attributable to the company by an amount equal to 7.4% of average total assets.Reconstructed · initial

By Fiscal Year

Ratio	FY202131 Dec 2021	FY202231 Dec 2022	FY202331 Dec 2023	FY202431 Dec 2024	FY202531 Dec 2025
Cash-flow accrualsNet income less operating cash flow, against average assets: the part of profit not received in cash in the same period. Research associates high accruals with lower earnings in later years; a negative figure means cash exceeded profit.(Net income attributable to the company - operating cash flow) / average total assets
Balance sheet accrualsThe same gap between profit and cash, measured from the changes in the balance sheet (Sloan, 1996).[(Change in current assets - change in cash) - (change in current liabilities - change in short-term debt - change in taxes payable) - depreciation and amortisation] / average total assets (Sloan, 1996)
Total accrualsAccruals that also cover long-term operating and financial assets and liabilities (Richardson, Sloan, Soliman and Tuna, 2005). Acquisitions raise the figure.Change in net operating working capital, net non-current operating assets and net financial assets / average total assets (Richardson, Sloan, Soliman and Tuna, 2005)
Operating cash flow to EBITDAOperating cash flow against EBITDA: the part of operating profit before depreciation that turns into cash after interest, tax and changes in stock, receivables and payables.Operating cash flow / (operating income + depreciation and amortisation)
Free cash flow to net incomeFree cash flow against net income. Below 1, investment and working capital take up part of the profit.(Operating cash flow - capital expenditure) / net income attributable to the company

Method

Cash-flow accruals are net income attributable to the company less operating cash flow, over average total assets. Balance sheet accruals follow Sloan (1996) and total accruals Richardson, Sloan, Soliman and Tuna (2005).
Balance sheet and total accruals include the assets and liabilities that acquisitions bring in and disposals take out; cash-flow accruals exclude them.

Forensic and Distress ScoresAltman Z'' 7.84, Beneish −2.77 · Piotroski 9 of 9 · FY2025

Published distress and misstatement models, with their original coefficients and thresholds.

The Altman Z'' score for fiscal 2025 was 7.84, above the safe threshold of 2.60.
Interpretation. By this model, the balance sheet and earnings look like those of companies that did not go bankrupt in its original study: above 2.60 means safe, below 1.10 distress.
Strengthenedin FY2025 · stated since FY20237.84 from 6.82 in FY2024
Rule: Altman Z'' zone · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 3 records
1. FY2025 StrengthenedThe Altman Z'' score for fiscal 2025 was 7.84, above the safe threshold of 2.60.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 StrengthenedThe Altman Z'' score for fiscal 2024 was 6.82, above the safe threshold of 2.60.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2023 NewThe Altman Z'' score for fiscal 2023 was 6.19, above the safe threshold of 2.60.Reconstructed · initial
The Beneish M-score for fiscal 2025 was minus 2.77, below the model threshold of minus 1.78.
Interpretation. The model finds no sign of earnings manipulation. Beneish (1999) set a threshold of minus 1.78, above which a company resembles the companies that manipulated their earnings.
Confirmedin FY2025 · stated since FY2023−2.77 from −2.68 in FY2024
Rule: Beneish M-score against its threshold · Sources 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 3 records
1. FY2025 ConfirmedThe Beneish M-score for fiscal 2025 was minus 2.77, below the model threshold of minus 1.78.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 WeakenedThe Beneish M-score for fiscal 2024 was minus 2.68, below the model threshold of minus 1.78.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2023 NewThe Beneish M-score for fiscal 2023 was minus 2.78, below the model threshold of minus 1.78.Reconstructed · initial
The Piotroski F-score for fiscal 2025 was 9 of 9.
Interpretation. The score counts how many of 9 tests of profit, debt, liquidity and efficiency the company passes. A score of 7 to 9 is the strongest group: Piotroski (2000) placed 0 to 3 in the weakest.
Strengthenedin FY2025 · stated since FY20249.00 from 8.00 in FY2024
Rule: Piotroski F-score · Sources 20-F 2024-12, 20-F 2025-12
History of this finding, 4 records
1. FY2025 StrengthenedThe Piotroski F-score for fiscal 2025 was 9 of 9.Recorded from FY2025_39e6450c · data update
2. FY2024 NewThe Piotroski F-score for fiscal 2024 was 8 of 9. The signal not met was long-term debt to assets lower than a year earlier.Reconstructed · data update
3. FY2024 RetiredThe finding changed to a high score.Reconstructed · data update
4. FY2023 NewThe Piotroski F-score for fiscal 2023 was 6 of 9. The 3 signals not met were return on assets higher than a year earlier, margin higher than a year earlier and asset turnover higher than a year earlier.Reconstructed · initial

By Fiscal Year

Ratio	FY202131 Dec 2021	FY202231 Dec 2022	FY202331 Dec 2023	FY202431 Dec 2024	FY202531 Dec 2025
Altman Z'' scoreA measure of the risk of financial distress, built from working capital, retained earnings, operating profit and equity. Above 2.60 the model counts a company as safe and below 1.10 as in distress; between the 2 is a grey zone.6.56 x working capital / total assets + 3.26 x retained earnings / total assets + 6.72 x EBIT / total assets + 1.05 x total equity / total liabilities (Altman, 1995); distress zone below 1.10, safe zone above 2.60	safe zone	safe zone	safe zone	safe zone	safe zone
Beneish M-scoreA screen for earnings manipulation, built from 8 changes in the accounts, such as receivables growing faster than sales. Above minus 1.78 the model groups a company with the companies in the Beneish sample that manipulated their earnings.-4.84 + 0.920 DSRI + 0.528 GMI + 0.404 AQI + 0.892 SGI + 0.115 DEPI - 0.172 SGAI + 4.679 TATA - 0.327 LVGI (Beneish, 1999); model threshold -1.78	below threshold	below threshold	below threshold	below threshold	below threshold
Dechow F-scoreThe probability of a material misstatement in the accounts, estimated from accruals, receivables, stock, cash sales, profitability and new financing, against the average. A score of 1 means average risk and 2 means twice the average.Predicted probability of a misstatement (model 1 of Dechow, Ge, Larson and Sloan, 2011) / 0.0037, the unconditional probability; 1 equals the base rate	n/a
Piotroski F-scoreA count of 9 yes or no tests on profitability, cash flow, debt, liquidity, new shares, margins and the use of assets. A score of 7 to 9 indicates improving strength and 0 to 3 indicates weakness.Number of 9 binary signals met on profitability, cash flow, debt, liquidity, equity issuance, margin and asset turnover (Piotroski, 2000)	n/a

Altman Z'' Score

fiscal 2025

A measure of the risk of financial distress, built from working capital, retained earnings, operating profit and equity. Above 2.60 the model counts a company as safe and below 1.10 as in distress; between the 2 is a grey zone.

Distress zone, below 1.10

Grey zone, 1.10 to 2.60

7.84Safe zone, above 2.60

The score of 7.84 is in the safe zone of the model, above 2.60. The largest part is equity against liabilities, at 2.23.

Part	Value	Coefficient	Contribution
Working capital / total assetsCurrent assets less current liabilities, against total assets: the short-term funds available for operations.	0.289	6.560	1.898
Retained earnings / total assetsProfits kept in the business over its life, against total assets.	0.635	3.260	2.071
EBIT / total assetsOperating profit against total assets: the earning power of the assets.	0.244	6.720	1.640
Total equity / total liabilitiesBook equity against liabilities: how far the assets could fall in value before liabilities exceed them.	2.127	1.050	2.234
Score			7.842

Altman, Hartzell and Peck (1995), for non-manufacturing companies. The model omits the ratio of sales to total assets of the 1968 model and uses book equity. Working capital below zero and equity reduced by share repurchases lower the score.

Beneish M-score

fiscal 2025

A screen for earnings manipulation, built from 8 changes in the accounts, such as receivables growing faster than sales. Above minus 1.78 the model groups a company with the companies in the Beneish sample that manipulated their earnings.

−2.77Below the threshold, −1.78 and below

Above the threshold, above −1.78

The score of minus 2.77 is below the model threshold of minus 1.78. Of the 8 measures, sales growth raises the score most.

Part	Value	Coefficient	Contribution
Intercept			−4.840
Days sales in receivables indexReceivables against sales, against a year earlier. A rise can mean sales recorded before customers pay.	0.783	0.920	0.721
Gross margin indexGross margin a year earlier against the current gross margin. Above 1, margins fell, which the model treats as a risk factor.	0.937	0.528	0.495
Asset quality indexAssets other than current assets and property, plant and equipment, as a share of total assets, against a year earlier. A rise can mean more costs recorded as assets.	0.970	0.404	0.392
Sales growth indexSales against a year earlier. The model treats fast growth as a risk factor.	1.316	0.892	1.174
Depreciation indexThe rate of depreciation a year earlier against the current rate. Above 1, depreciation slowed, which raises profit.	1.081	0.115	0.124
Selling, general and administrative expenses indexOverheads against sales, against a year earlier.	1.000	−0.172	−0.172
Total accruals to total assetsNet income less operating cash flow, against total assets: profit not backed by cash. It carries the largest coefficient in the model.	−0.073	4.679	−0.341
Leverage indexDebt against total assets, against a year earlier.	0.982	−0.327	−0.321
Score			−2.768

Beneish (1999), estimated on 74 companies identified as earnings manipulators in SEC enforcement releases and the press for 1982 to 1992, against 2,332 Compustat companies. The model classes a score above minus 1.78 with the first group. An index whose inputs are not reported counts as 1.

Dechow F-score

fiscal 2025

The probability of a material misstatement in the accounts, estimated from accruals, receivables, stock, cash sales, profitability and new financing, against the average. A score of 1 means average risk and 2 means twice the average.

A score of 0.16 means a probability of a misstatement 0.16 times the average rate in the Dechow sample: 0.06% against 0.37%.

Part	Value	Coefficient	Contribution
Intercept			−7.893
Total accruals (Richardson, Sloan, Soliman and Tuna)Total accruals: the growth of operating and financial assets net of liabilities, against average assets.	0.065	0.790	0.052
Change in receivables / average total assetsThe growth of receivables against average assets.	0.001	2.518	0.003
Change in inventories / average total assetsThe growth of stock against average assets.	0.000	1.191	0.000
Assets other than cash and property, plant and equipment / total assetsAssets other than cash and property, plant and equipment, as a share of total assets: assets whose value depends more on judgement.	0.186	1.979	0.368
Change in cash salesThe growth of sales collected in cash.	0.345	0.171	0.059
Change in return on assetsThe change in return on assets against a year earlier. A fall raises the score.	0.043	−0.932	−0.040
Debt or equity issued in the year, 1 or 01 when the company issued shares or debt in the year.	0.000	1.029	0.000
Predicted value			−7.452
Probability of a misstatement			0.06%

Model 1 of Dechow, Ge, Larson and Sloan (2011), estimated on misstatements named in SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases. The score is the predicted probability of a misstatement over 0.37%, the unconditional probability in their sample, so 1.00 equals that base rate.

Piotroski F-score

fiscal 2025

A count of 9 yes or no tests on profitability, cash flow, debt, liquidity, new shares, margins and the use of assets. A score of 7 to 9 indicates improving strength and 0 to 3 indicates weakness.

9 of the 9 tests are met, in the high group of 7 to 9.

Signal	FY2025	FY2024
Return on assets above zero	Met	Met
Operating cash flow above zero	Met	Met
Return on assets higher than a year earlier	Met	Met
Operating cash flow above net income	Met	Met
Long-term debt to assets lower than a year earlier	Met	Not met
Current ratio higher than a year earlier	Met	Met
No common equity issued	Met	Met
Margin higher than a year earlier	Met	Met
Asset turnover higher than a year earlier	Met	Met

Piotroski (2000), 9 signals on profitability, funding and operating efficiency, designed for companies with high book-to-market ratios. Piotroski grouped scores of 8 and 9 as high and 0 and 1 as low; the findings group 7 to 9 and 0 to 3.

Source Documents

Documents of this snapshot, latest first.

Document	Date	Id
20-F for the year to 31 December 2025	16 Apr 2026	20-F:0001628280-26-025362
20-F for the year to 31 December 2024	17 Apr 2025	20-F:0001193125-25-083423
20-F for the year to 31 December 2023	18 Apr 2024	20-F:0001193125-24-099840
20-F for the year to 31 December 2022	20 Apr 2023	20-F:0001193125-23-107214
20-F for the year to 31 December 2021	14 Apr 2022	20-F:0001193125-22-104891

Checks

158158 checks, all passed

Fiscal calendar11 passedFiscal years last 350 to 380 days, and each starts on the day after the one before. Checked at error level.

Coverage2 passedThe latest fiscal year gives total assets and a profit figure. Checked at error level.

Balance sheet identity6 passedTotal assets equal total liabilities and equity at each balance sheet date. Checked at error level.

Gross profit6 passedRevenue less cost of sales equals the gross profit that the company presents. A gross profit that differs is withheld, and so is a cost of sales that the company gives without gross profit. Checked at warning level.

Earnings per share6 passedProfit divided by earnings per share gives a number of shares in line with the other years. Checked at warning level.

Agreement between annual reports127 passedA value of a year that the annual report of the year and that of the next year give in the same amount. A value that the later report gives differently is listed as a restatement, and the later value is used. Checked at warning level.

Data Quality

How many values of this snapshot the checks prove, and how many Annalist derives, withholds and tracks as restated. Every company.

Values published	293
Confirmed by other figures	49.8%, 146 values
Confirmed by a second document	43.3%, 127 values
Derived from reported figures	2.0%, 6 values
Values withheld	0
Restated figures tracked	0
Changes compared on one basis	0
Company lines mapped	0 of 0 reviewed

Citation

Annalist, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, snapshot tsmc/FY2025_39e6450c (as of FY2025); <item label>, <period>; source <document id> (<document url>)

Snapshot FY2025_39e6450c · dataset SHA-256 39e6450ce86b67bbea3ed34f296e836767d117c64b4c1d07c8a6bc297b7d9212 · findings rules 0.5

Data: info.json · dataset.json · validation.json · documents.json